Workhouse or asylum? Accommodating pauper lunatics in nineteenth-century England.

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth century witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of pauper lunatics being admitted to institutions and many mentally-ill paupers found their way into workhouses. The range of options existing for the admission of paupers, who at the time were described as lunatics or insane, included private madhouses, charitable asylums, public asylums as well as workhouses. Legislation relating to transfer from a workhouse to a one of these other institutions was ambiguous and depended on the concept of dangerousness and whether a workhouse inmate was manageable, rather than the nature of their illness. Because demand exceeded the space available because of overcrowding, workhouses and public asylums continually needed to increase provision by means of converting existing facilities or erecting new buildings. Nevertheless, the transfer of patients between asylums was commonplace and extensive. This article will explore the interface between two urban workhouses in the West Midlands of England and their local asylums from the late eighteenth until the end of the nineteenth century. It will demonstrate that, although local circumstances at any one time may have contributed to decisions on transfer, the overriding difficulty in the correct placement of pauper lunatics throughout the time period was institutional overcrowding, mainly driven by the increasing numbers of pauper lunatics.

Las epidemias en La Pampa (Argentina), en perspectiva histórica* / The epidemics in La Pampa (Argentina), from a historical perspective

Resumen Este artículo describe el inicio de las preocupaciones sanitarias vinculadas a las epidemias ocurridas durante el siglo XX en La Pampa, provincia argentina. Las epidemias, como las de la viruela, fueron un estímulo para estas políticas que frecuentemente tuvieron origen en Buenos Aires, la capital del país. El contagio de muchas epidemias dependía de carencias de infraestructura: agua, desagüe y desecho adecuado de basuras, de la ausencia de un número suficiente de trabajadores de salud, de la presencia de vectores transmisores de enfermedades como los mosquitos y, en última instancia, de la pobreza. La experiencia histórica descrita en este texto resalta la importancia de analizar el impacto del SARS-CoV-2 más allá de las grandes ciudades.

Abstract This article describes the emergence of health concerns relating to the epidemics that occurred during the twentieth century in La Pampa, a province in Argentina. Epidemics such as smallpox drove such policies, which frequently originated in Buenos Aires, the country's capital. The spread of many epidemics was due to shortages: water, sewage and adequate refuse disposal, an insufficient number of health care workers, the presence of disease transmission vectors such as mosquitos, and, ultimately, poverty. The historical experience described in this text highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the big cities.

[The epidemics in La Pampa (Argentina), from a historical perspective]. / Las epidemias en La Pampa (Argentina), en perspectiva histórica.

This article describes the emergence of health concerns relating to the epidemics that occurred during the twentieth century in La Pampa, a province in Argentina. Epidemics such as smallpox drove such policies, which frequently originated in Buenos Aires, the country's capital. The spread of many epidemics was due to shortages: water, sewage and adequate refuse disposal, an insufficient number of health care workers, the presence of disease transmission vectors such as mosquitos, and, ultimately, poverty. The historical experience described in this text highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the big cities.

Este artículo describe el inicio de las preocupaciones sanitarias vinculadas a las epidemias ocurridas durante el siglo XX en La Pampa, provincia argentina. Las epidemias, como las de la viruela, fueron un estímulo para estas políticas que frecuentemente tuvieron origen en Buenos Aires, la capital del país. El contagio de muchas epidemias dependía de carencias de infraestructura: agua, desagüe y desecho adecuado de basuras, de la ausencia de un número suficiente de trabajadores de salud, de la presencia de vectores transmisores de enfermedades como los mosquitos y, en última instancia, de la pobreza. La experiencia histórica descrita en este texto resalta la importancia de analizar el impacto del SARS-CoV-2 más allá de las grandes ciudades.

As relações entre o Estado e a população pobre e negra no Brasil: necropolítica tropical / The relations between the State and the poor and black population in Brazil: tropical necropolitics

O presente artigo aborda algumas diretrizes e práticas da necropolítica tropical e do racismo que opera nas relações entre o Estado e a população pobre e negra no Brasil. Notadamente, es-te trabalho interessa-se pela política mortífera executada pelas polícias, que não hesitam em matar pessoas que habitam territórios periféricos dos grandes centros urbanos do país. Sabe-se que essa relação não é nova. Ao contrário, advém dos tempos da escravidão institucional e permanece mesmo depois de 133 anos da abolição. Intentamos aqui, amparados principalmente nos trabalhos de Michel Foucault e Achille Mbembe, forjar pistas para uma espécie de ascese negra como enfrentamento à dimensão necropolítica e racista do capitalismo contemporâneo. A construção do artigo se dá na costura entre conceitos, notícias cotidianas e produções artísti-cas que investigam e evidenciam a manutenção do racismo de estado, mas também nas práticas de resistência forjadas no presente. (AU)

This article discusses some guidelines and practices of tropical necropolitics and racism that operates in relations between the State and the poor and black population in Brazil. Notably, this work is interested in the deadly policy carried out by the police, who do not hesitate to kill people who inhabit the peripheral territories. It is known that this relationship is not new. On the contrary, it comes from the institutional slavery and remains even after 133 years of abolition. We intend here, supported mainly by the works of Michel Foucault and Achille Mbembe, to forge clues to a kind of black asceticism as a confrontation with the necropolitical and racist dimension of contemporary capitalism. The construction of the article takes place in the seam between concepts, daily news and artistic productions that investigate and show the maintenance of state racism, but also in the resistance practices forged in the present. (AU)

Florence Nightingale e a arte de enfermagem: texto e contexto da Inglaterra Vitoriana / Florence Nightingale y el arte de la enfermería: texto y contexto de la Inglaterra Victoriana / Florence Nightingale and the art of nursing: text and context of Victorian England

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a figura pública de Florence Nightingale, suas realizações, Reforma Sanitária e a criação da Escola de Enfermeiras, e compreender o nascimento da enfermagem como profissão. Método partiu-se da literatura de um quadro das pressões sociais que agiam sobre o comportamento individual de Florence Nightingale e dos marcos divisórios aparentes, que entendemos como a densidade das relações sócio-históricas, e o seu tempo social. Análise sócio-histórica da história de vida de Florence Nightingale e da literatura social de Charles Dickens. O marco temporal compreendeu da promulgação da New Poor Law (1.834) à revogação (1.601). Resultados Florence Nightingale foi uma mulher adiante do seu tempo que, contrariando as teorias do Darwinismo social de sua época, criou a profissão da enfermeira, e produziu uma clivagem na profissão definindo-a como ciência e arte. Conclusão e implicações para a enfermagem ao criar a figura emblemática da Dama da Lâmpada, Florence Nightingale gravou no cuidado de enfermagem, o zelo, o desvelo e a compaixão, aqui entendida como empatia e piedade com o sofrimento do outro acompanhada do desejo de minorá-lo, uma participação espiritual na dor do outro.

Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la figura pública de Florence Nightingale, sus logros, Reforma Sanitaria y la creación de la Escuela de Enfermeras, y comprender el nacimiento de la enfermería como profesión. Método se partió de la literatura de un cuadro de las presiones sociales sobre el comportamiento individual de Florence Nightingale y de los marcos divisorios aparentes que se entiende como la densidad de las relaciones socio histórico y su tiempo social. Análisis socio histórico de la historia de vida de Florence Nightingale y de la literatura social de Charles Dickens. El marco temporal se comprendió entre la promulgación del New Poor Law en 1834 y su revocación promulgada en 1601. Resultados Florence Nightingale fue una mujer adelante a su tiempo que, contrariando las teorías del Darwinismo social de su época, creó la profesión de enfermera, y produjo una mirada embrionaria en la profesión definiéndola como ciencia y arte. Conclusión e implicaciones para la enfermería al crear la figura emblemática de la Dama de la Lámpara, Florence Nightingale registró en el cuidado de enfermería, el celo, el cuidado y la compasión, entendido aquí como empatía y piedad con el sufrimiento del otro acompañado del deseo de una disminución, una participación espiritual en el dolor del otro.

Abstract Objective to reflect on Florence Nightingale's public figure, her achievements, Health Care Reform and the creation of the School for Nurses, and understand the birth of nursing as a profession. Method a framework of the social pressures acting on Florence Nightingale's individual behavior and the apparent dividing marks, which we understand as the density of socio-historical relations, and her social time, was drawn from the literature. This is a socio-historical analysis of Florence Nightingale's life story and Charles Dickens' social literature. The time frame spanned from the enactment of the New Poor Law (1834) to the repeal (1601). Results Florence Nightingale was a woman ahead of her time who, going against the theories of social Darwinism of her time, created the nurse profession, and produced a divide in the profession by defining it as science and art. Conclusion and implications for nursing by creating the emblematic figure of the Lady of the Lamp, Florence Nightingale engraved in nursing care, zeal, devotion, and compassion, here understood as empathy and pity for the suffering of others accompanied by the desire to alleviate it, a spiritual participation in the pain of others.

Una nueva perspectiva: aproximación ética-moral al problema de la nutrición / A new perspective: ethical-moral approach to the problem of nutrition

¿Se puede ver el problema de la desnutrición y la alimentación desde el punto de vista ético? Se trata de un dilema o de una contradicción, revisaremos los conceptos de ética, moral y valor. Consideraremos el reto de ser ético al usar las Redes Sociales y la posibilidad de pensar en la Nutrición Virtual(AU)

Can we see the problem of malnutrition and nutrition from an ethical point of view? It is a dilemma or a contradiction, we will review the concepts of ethics, morals and value. We will consider the challenge of being ethical when using Social Networks and the possibility of thinking about Virtual Nutrition.(AU)

Secrets, lies, and disguise: The case of andy warhol.

The life and works of the great American artist Andy Warhol (1928-1987) are examined in the context of Warhol's compulsive and often gratuitous lying. Elements of early trauma-contracting St. Vitus Dance at age of 7, his father's death at age of 13, and the abject poverty in which he grew up as the son of immigrants-are viewed as central antecedents of his deceptiveness. The relevance of these dynamics to the clinical situation is examined.

El binomio miseria-enfermedad: un estudio sociohistórico y legislativo sobre las fiebres tifoideas en España (1886-1930) desde la Historia de la salud / The misery-disease binomial: a socio-historical and legislative study on typhoid fevers in Spain (1886-1930) from de History of health / O binômio miséria-doença: um estudo sócio-histórico e legislativo sobre a febre tifóide na Espanha (1886-1930) da História da saúde

La fiebre tifoidea es una enfermedad que mantiene a lo largo del siglo XX un carácter social, relacionado con las guerras y las desigualdades económicas. Fue objeto de una respuesta legislativa del Estado, que desde finales del siglo XIX hasta 1930, sistematizó la ciencia contra las fiebres tifoideas y su vacunación en forma de grandes campañas cuyo resultado fue la progresiva disminución de incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad hasta su práctica erradicación. La investigación que nos ocupa se refiere a un estudio sociohistórico y legislativo de la enfermedad hasta finales de los años 20 del siglo XX en España

Typhoid fever is a disease that maintains a social character throughout the 20th century, related to wars and economic inequalities. It was the subject of a legislative response from the State, which from the end of the 19th century until 1930, systematized science against typhoid fevers and their vaccination in the form of large campaigns whose result was the progressive decrease in incidence, morbidity and mortality until its eradication practice. The research that concerns us refers to a socio-historical and legislative study of the disease until the late 20s of the 20th in Spain

A febre tifóide é uma doença que mantém caráter social ao longo do século XX, relacionada a guerras e desigualdades econômicas. Foi objeto de uma resposta legislativa do Estado, que desde o final do século XIX até 1930, sistematizou a ciência contra a febre tifóide e sua vacinação na forma de grandes campanhas cujo resultado foi a diminuição progressiva da incidência, morbidade e mortalidade até sua prática de erradicação. A pesquisa que nos preocupa refere-se a um estudo sócio-histórico e legislativo da doença até o final dos anos 20 do século XX na Espanha

Relief food subsistence revealed by microparticle and proteomic analyses of dental calculus from victims of the Great Irish Famine.

Food and diet were class markers in 19th-century Ireland, which became evident as nearly 1 million people, primarily the poor and destitute, died as a consequence of the notorious Great Famine of 1845 to 1852. Famine took hold after a blight (Phytophthora infestans) destroyed virtually the only means of subsistence-the potato crop-for a significant proportion of the population. This study seeks to elucidate the variability of diet in mid-19th-century Ireland through microparticle and proteomic analysis of human dental calculus samples (n = 42) from victims of the famine. The samples derive from remains of people who died between August 1847 and March 1851 while receiving poor relief as inmates in the union workhouse in the city of Kilkenny (52°39' N, -7°15' W). The results corroborate the historical accounts of food provisions before and during the famine, with evidence of corn (maize), potato, and cereal starch granules from the microparticle analysis and milk protein from the proteomic analysis. Unexpectedly, there is also evidence of egg protein-a food source generally reserved only for export and the better-off social classes-which highlights the variability of the prefamine experience for those who died. Through historical contextualization, this study shows how the notoriously monotonous potato diet of the poor was opportunistically supplemented by other foodstuffs. While the Great Irish Famine was one of the worst subsistence crises in history, it was foremost a social disaster induced by the lack of access to food and not the lack of food availability.

HOW INFECTION SHAPED HISTORY: LESSONS FROM THE IRISH FAMINE.

Human history has been profoundly affected by infection throughout the millennia. In most cases, the impact has been a direct consequence of infection in humans. However, in the 1840s, a plant infection - potato blight, caused by the fungus Phytopthera infestans - showed us how an environmental catastrophe in a vulnerable community can profoundly affect human history. Before the visitation of potato blight, the population of Ireland was the most rapidly growing in Europe in the early 1840s. Yet between 1845 and 1850, Ireland's population fell by over one-third - with 3 million people disappearing from the island - half through death and half through emigration. This directly led to a subsequent diaspora of almost 80 million people, many destined for residence in the Americas. The diaspora carried enormous consequences for the social, economic, and political development of the US. Today, lessons from the Irish famine remain poignant and relevant. Social science maps the dimensions of a disaster dependent on the size of its impact and the relative vulnerability of the society which experiences the disaster. Ireland's vulnerability was in terms of its overall poverty and its dependence on the potato as a subsistence crop. However, a critical factor in the disaster was the political structure in which it occurred - where governance was unwilling and unable to respond to the needs of the population.

The invisible woman: Susan Carnegie and Montrose Lunatic Asylum.

In 1779, Susan Carnegie (1743-1821) persuaded the Town Council of Montrose, Scotland, to build a safe haven for those suffering from both poverty and mental illness. As a result, Montrose Lunatic Asylum became not only the first public asylum in Scotland, but among the first in the English-speaking world. Carnegie - born 175 years before women could vote - championed a humane and science-based response to mental illness. Montrose Asylum practised moral treatment a decade before Tuke and Pinel. As a champion of the new mental science, her enduring influence resulted in the hiring of the young W.A.F. Browne. Her story enriches the current wave of scholarship on Scottish psychiatry in particular, and on women in psychiatry in general.

The biological wellbeing of the working-poor: The height of prisoners in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, 1885-1939.

As a way to contribute to the debate on social inequality, poverty, and well-being in Argentina's long-term development, this article presents new evidence on the stature of prisoners in Buenos Aires province, the richest province in the Pampa region. The evidence shows very modest gains in the stature of prisoners for the period 1885-1939. This finding clearly indicates the persistence of early childhood malnutrition and poor health among families of the working-poor in the small towns of Buenos Aires province. Five decades of modest stature growth underscores the limitation of state policies of education, sanitation, and social reform in elevating the health and nutrition conditions of the working-poor. At the heart of the pampas, in the context of a successful food exporting economy, a working-class population cursed by the combination of low human capital and social vulnerability failed to attained a substantial improvement in their biological wellbeing.

Forensic Experts, Indigent Defendants, and the Constitution.

Over 30 years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court held that indigent defendants raising psychiatric issues are entitled to the assistance of a mental health expert. However, the exact dimensions of that assistance, and whether the expert must be assigned exclusively to assist the defense, have been in contention ever since. In its recent decision in McWilliams v. Dunn, the Court underscored that the state-funded expert must be available to consult with the defense, not merely to evaluate the defendant, but declined to opine on whether the defense is entitled to its own expert for the purpose.

'Items for criticism (not in sequence)': Joseph DeLee, Pare Lorentz and The Fight for Life (1940).

In the late 1920s, the American obstetrician Joseph DeLee brought the motion-picture camera into the birth room. Following that era's trend of adapting industrial efficiency practices for medical environments, DeLee's films give spectacular and unexpected expression to the engineering concept of 'streamlining'. Accomplishing what more tangible obstetric streamlining practices had failed to, DeLee's cameras, and his post-production manipulation, shifted birth from messy and dangerous to rationalized, efficient, death-defying. This was film as an active and effective medical tool. Years later, the documentarian Pare Lorentz produced and wrote his own birth film, The Fight for Life (1940). The documentary subject of the film was DeLee himself, and the film was set in his hospitals, on the same maternity 'sets' that had once showcased film's remarkable streamlining capacity to give and keep life. Yet relatively little of DeLee was retained in the film's content, resulting in a showdown that, by way of contrast, further articulated DeLee's understanding of film's medical powers and, in so doing, hinted at a more dynamic moment in the history of medicine while speaking also to the process by which that understanding ceased to be historically legible.